You cannot be smart against your will. A critical reflection

An important assertion in Chapter 1 and 2 is that the economy is transforming into a knowledge economy. Therefore, individuals, teams and companies need to develop the necessary competencies to be able to participate in a working life that is mainly based on knowledge productivity. The dramatically increased interest in knowledge over the past decade has given rise to the concepts knowledge-intensive organizations, knowledge workers, knowledge systems, knowledge centres, knowledge creation, knowledge managemen t and citizens in a knowledge society. At the same time it is questionable whether the traditional approaches to management, training and development will provide the learning environment that is required for knowledge work.